Computer Science Lectures
<h1>
to <h6>
: These are heading tags in HTML. <h1>
represents the highest level heading, typically used for the main title, while <h6>
is the lowest level heading. They help structure content hierarchically and improve accessibility and SEO.
style
: An attribute used in HTML elements to apply CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) styles directly to that element. For example, <div style="color: red;">
changes the text color to red.
<p>
: The paragraph tag, used to define a block of text. It automatically adds space before and after the paragraph, improving readability.
<!-- Comment -->
: This syntax is used to insert comments in HTML code. Comments are not displayed in the browser and are used for code documentation.
<a>
: The anchor tag, used to create hyperlinks. It can link to another web page, an email address, or an anchor within the same page.
<img>
: The image tag, used to embed images in a webpage. It requires the src
attribute to specify the image source.
background-color
: A CSS property that sets the background color of an element. For example, background-color: blue;
changes the background color to blue.
<ul>
: The unordered list tag, used to create a list of items where the order does not matter. Items are typically marked with bullet points.
<table>
: The table tag, used to create a table in HTML. It organizes data into rows and columns, making it easier to read.
href
: An attribute of the <a>
tag that specifies the URL of the page the link goes to. For example, href="https://example.com"
.
<ol>
: The ordered list tag, used for creating a list of items where the order is significant. Items are typically numbered.
<div>
: A division tag, used as a container for other HTML elements. It helps in structuring the webpage and applying styles.
alt
: An attribute of the <img>
tag that provides alternative text for the image. It is important for accessibility and is displayed if the image fails to load.
border
: A CSS property used to specify the border around elements. For example, border: 1px solid black;
creates a solid black border.
text-align
: A CSS property that sets the horizontal alignment of text within an element. Possible values include left
, right
, center
, and justify
.
font-size
: A CSS property that specifies the size of the font used in text. For example, font-size: 16px;
sets the font size to 16 pixels.
color
: A CSS property that sets the color of the text within an element. For example, color: red;
changes the text color to red.
<span>
: An inline container used to apply styles or JavaScript to a portion of text without breaking the flow of content.
<li>
: The list item tag, used within <ul>
or <ol>
to define individual items in a list.
<tr>
: The table row tag, used to define a row of cells in a table, typically containing <td>
(table data) or <th>
(table header) elements.
12’s
<abbr>
: The abbreviation tag, used to represent an abbreviation or acronym. It can include a title
attribute for the full form.
<bdi>
: The bidirectional isolation tag, used to isolate a part of text that may have a different directionality (like mixed languages) from surrounding text.
<bdo>
: The bidirectional override tag, which allows you to change the text direction of its contents, overriding the default direction.
<canvas>
: A tag used for drawing graphics via scripting (usually JavaScript). It creates a blank rectangular area on the page.
<details>
: A tag that creates a disclosure widget from which the user can obtain additional information or controls. It can be opened or closed by the user.
<dialog>
: A tag for creating dialog boxes or pop-up windows, which can be opened and closed programmatically.
<mark>
: The mark tag, used to highlight text that is of special interest or relevance, typically displayed with a yellow background.
<progress>
: A tag that represents the completion progress of a task, such as file uploads, typically displayed as a progress bar.
<summary>
: Used in conjunction with <details>
, it defines a summary or heading for the details that can be expanded or collapsed.
<time>
: A tag that represents a specific time or date, often with a datetime
attribute to provide a machine-readable format.
<template>
: A tag that holds client-side content that is not rendered when the page loads but can be instantiated later via JavaScript.
<wbr>
: The word break opportunity tag, which suggests a line break opportunity within a word, useful for long words in narrow containers.
<base>
: A tag that specifies a base URL for all relative URLs in a document. It typically appears in the <head>
section.
<link>
: A tag used to link to external resources, such as stylesheets, icons, or preconnect hints, generally found in the <head>
section.
<meta>
: A tag used to provide metadata about the HTML document, such as character set, author, viewport settings, and more.
<noscript>
: A tag that defines content to be displayed when scripts are not supported or are disabled in the user’s browser.
<picture>
: A tag that provides a way to specify multiple image sources for responsive design, allowing different images to load based on conditions like screen size.
<source>
: A tag used within <audio>
and <video>
elements to specify multiple media resources for playback.
<track>
: A tag used to specify text tracks for <video>
and <audio>
elements, providing captions, subtitles, or descriptions.
<iframe>
: An inline frame tag that allows you to embed another HTML document within the current document.
<embed>
: A tag used to embed external content, such as multimedia (audio or video) or interactive applications.
<object>
: A tag used to embed multimedia, such as images, audio, or video, or other external resources like PDFs.
<param>
: A tag used within <object>
to define parameters for the object being embedded, such as settings for plugins.
<keygen>
: A tag that was used to generate key pairs for secure client-side cryptography. It is now deprecated in HTML5.
<canvas>
: Used to create graphics on the fly via JavaScript. It can be used for drawing shapes, text, images, and more.
<script>
: A tag used to include JavaScript code or to link to an external JavaScript file.
<script type="module">
: A type attribute that specifies that the JavaScript should be treated as a module, allowing the use of import
and export
.
<meta charset>
: A specific <meta>
tag that sets the character encoding for the HTML document, essential for correctly displaying characters.
<fieldset>
: A tag used to group related elements in a form, often with a <legend>
for a caption.
<legend>
: A tag used within <fieldset>
to provide a title or explanation for the group of related elements.
AI
- Definition: AI is the simulation of human intelligence in machines, enabling them to perform tasks that usually require human intelligence.
- Types: AI can be narrow (focused on one task) or general (able to learn and do many things).
- Applications: AI is used in voice assistants, recommendation systems, and self-driving cars.
Machine Learning (ML)
- Definition: ML is a type of AI where machines learn from data instead of being explicitly programmed.
- Types: Supervised (with labeled data), unsupervised (without labeled data), and reinforcement learning (learning by trial and error).
- Real-World Uses: Spam filters, movie recommendations, and facial recognition.
Narrow AI
- Definition: Narrow AI is specialized for one task, like playing chess or recognizing faces.
- Focus: It cannot perform tasks outside its training area.
- Examples: Siri, Alexa, Google Maps.
Neural Networks
- Definition: Neural networks are algorithms inspired by the human brain that learn from data.
- Structure: They consist of layers of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process data in steps.
- Uses: Image recognition, speech processing, and language translation.
Perceptrons
- Definition: A perceptron is the simplest type of neural network, used in binary classification tasks.
- Function: It takes inputs, applies weights, and uses an activation function to make decisions.
- Limitations: It can only solve simple problems, like distinguishing between two categories.
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs)
- Definition: DNNs are large neural networks with many layers of nodes, making them powerful for complex tasks.
- Capabilities: They can detect patterns in images, sounds, and text.
- Training: Requires large datasets and powerful computers.
Deep Learning
- Definition: Deep learning is a subset of ML using DNNs to model complex patterns in data.
- Applications: Self-driving cars, speech recognition, and medical diagnosis.
- Challenges: Requires a lot of data and processing power.
Strong AI
- Definition: Strong AI is a theoretical type of AI that can perform any intellectual task that a human can do.
- Goal: Create machines with human-like consciousness and reasoning.
- Current Status: We have not yet achieved strong AI.
ML Languages
- Popular Languages: Python, R, Java, and JavaScript are common languages for ML.
- Why Python?: It has many libraries and is easy to learn for beginners.
- JavaScript: Useful for ML models on the web, especially with libraries like TensorFlow.js.
ML in JavaScript
- In-Browser ML: JavaScript can run ML models directly in the browser using libraries like TensorFlow.js or Brain.js.
- Accessibility: It allows ML to be used in websites and web applications without a server.
- Limitations: Slower than Python for large-scale ML tasks.
ML Libraries
- TensorFlow: A popular ML library by Google for building models in Python and JavaScript.
- Scikit-learn: A Python library for simple ML tasks like classification and regression.
- PyTorch: An advanced library for deep learning, used for research and production.
Clustering
- Definition: Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique where similar data points are grouped together.
- Examples: Grouping customers by buying habits or segmenting images by colors.
- Algorithms: K-means and hierarchical clustering are popular methods.
TensorFlow
- Definition: TensorFlow is a powerful ML framework for building and training models.
- Flexibility: It supports everything from small experiments to large production systems.
- Languages: It can be used with Python, JavaScript (TensorFlow.js), and others.
Brain.js
- Definition: Brain.js is a JavaScript library for neural networks that runs in browsers or Node.js.
- Use Cases: Great for small-scale AI applications like pattern recognition or predictions.
- Simplicity: Ideal for introducing ML concepts to beginners using JavaScript.
Data Sets
- Definition: A data set is a collection of data used to train and test machine learning models.
- Types: Can be labeled (for supervised learning) or unlabeled (for unsupervised learning).
- Examples: Text, images, or sensor data.
Mean, Median, Mode
- Mean: The average value of a dataset.
- Median: The middle value when data is arranged in order.
- Mode: The most frequent value in the dataset.
Standard Deviation
- Definition: A measure of how spread out the data is from the mean.
- Low vs High: A low standard deviation means data points are close to the mean, and high means they are spread out.
- Use: Helps assess the consistency of a dataset.
Percentiles
- Definition: Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts.
- Common Percentiles: The 25th percentile is the first quartile, and the 75th percentile is the third quartile.
- Use: Percentiles are useful for comparing data, like test scores in a population.
Decision Tree
- Definition: A decision tree is an ML model that makes decisions by splitting data into branches.
- Structure: It has nodes (decisions) and leaves (outcomes).
- Uses: Decision trees are used in classification and regression problems.
ChatGPT
- Definition: A large language model trained to understand and generate text based on user input.
- Use Cases: Writing, answering questions, and generating content.
- Limitations: It cannot understand context like a human and may produce incorrect answers.
Prompt Writing
- Definition: Writing clear and specific instructions for an AI like ChatGPT to get useful responses.
- Best Practices: Be clear, concise, and provide relevant context.
- Examples: “Write an essay about climate change” or “Explain quantum physics simply.”
Role Prompting
- Definition: Assigning a role to an AI in a prompt to shape its response.
- Examples: “Act as a teacher explaining programming” or “Be a customer service agent helping with a return.”
- Benefit: Helps guide the AI to provide more context-specific answers.
AI – 11 things they’ never told you’re not telling you about AI
I-Robot Clips
Machine Learning and AI
Neural Networks
Perceptrons
Deep Learning
Narrow vs Strong AI
AI Languages – JS, Pythons, C++, R, Lisp
TenserFlow
HTML
CSS
JS